mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red due to iron oxide impurities. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red due to iron oxide impurities
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 26, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities within volcanic rocks (basalts) or sedimentary formations. Its color comes from hematite impurities that precipitate during hydrothermal processes throughout various geological ages from the Cretaceous to the present.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry as cabochons, beads, and engraved seals (intaglios). Historically used for signet rings and talismans. Occasionally used in ornamental carvings and for lapidary tumbling.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians referred to carnelian as 'the setting sun.' It was one of the first gemstones used in seal-making because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the Neolithic period (4th–5th millennium BC).

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy luster, translucency when held to light, and characteristic orange-red hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States (Washington/Oregon). Unlike jasper, carnelian is translucent.