mineral

Carnelian

SiO2 (Chalcedony with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, or yellow-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, or yellow-orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 20, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic cavities or sedimentary environments as silica-rich fluids precipitate at low temperatures; often found as nodules or in veins within basalts or rhyolites.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry (cabochons, beads, rings), intaglios, and decorative carvings; historically used for signet rings and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly valued in Ancient Egypt, where it was believed to represent the blood of Isis and was used frequently in burial jewelry. Its color is often enhanced by heating the specimen to oxidize iron impurities.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange hue and lack of visible banding (common in agate). It is commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.

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