mineral

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

Hardness: 3.5 to 4.0; Color: Bright green to dark green; Luster: Silky, velvety, or dull in fibrous/acicular forms; Crystal structure: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect in one direction; Specific gravity: 3.6 to 4.0

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green to dark green
Luster: Silky, velvety, or dull in fibrous/acicular forms

Identified March 27, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. It occurs when carbonated water interacts with copper-bearing minerals. Common in karst environments alongside azurite.

Uses & applications

A major source of copper ore historically; used extensively for decorative lapidary work, jewelry, pigments for green paint, and as a popular collector's mineral.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians used ground malachite as a cosmetic eye shadow and pigment. It is famous for its 'velvet' or fibrous appearance and distinctive light-and-dark green banding when polished.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinct green color, reaction (effervescence) with dilute hydrochloric acid, and common association with other copper minerals like azurite (blue). Found in DRC, Russia, Australia, and Arizona, USA.