mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 26, 2026More mineral →

Identify your own rocks.

Get a report just like this from any photo, free.

App Store Google Play

Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Forms in volcanic rocks (cavities) or sedimentary environments as a result of low-temperature silica-rich fluids precipitating; iron oxide inclusions provide the reddish tint.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons and beads, ornamental carvings, and seal stones due to its durability and vibrant color.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in the burial of kings to help souls in their journey to the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucence and warm reddish-orange hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors look for even saturation of color and clarity.

Other mineral specimens

See all

Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)

Arenite (SiO2 based)

sedimentary

Schist

Metamorphic

Epidote

Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)

metamorphic

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite

Mineral/Rock

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)

Metamorphic Rock

Green Apatite on Albite

Fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F] on Albite [Na(AlSi3O8)]

mineral