metamorphic
Serpentine (variety: Serpentine Rock)
Antigorite, Lizardite, or Chrysotile; formula generally (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4
Hardness: 3–6 (Mohs scale); Color: varies from pale green to dark forest green with mottled patterns; Luster: waxy, greasy, or silky; Crystal structure: monoclinic; Specific gravity: 2.2–2.9.
- Hardness
- 3–6 (Mohs scale)
- Luster
- waxy, greasy, or silky
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3–6 (Mohs scale); Color: varies from pale green to dark forest green with mottled patterns; Luster: waxy, greasy, or silky; Crystal structure: monoclinic; Specific gravity: 2.2–2.9.
Formation & geological history
Formed through the serpentinization (metamorphism) of ultramafic rocks (like peridotite or dunite) from the Earth’s mantle, typically at low temperatures in the presence of water at tectonic plate boundaries. Ages range from Precambrian to Cenozoic.
Uses & applications
Used as a decorative architectural stone (Verde Antique 'marble'), in jewelry as a jade look-alike, as a source of magnesium, and historically as a source of asbestos.
Geological facts
Serpentine is the official state rock of California; it is often called 'New Jade' in the gemstone market because its appearance resembles Nephrite Jade, though it is much softer.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic 'snake-skin' appearance, greasy feel, and relatively soft surface that can often be scratched by a copper penny or steel nail. Common in California, Cornwall, and the Alps. Collectors look for high translucency and vivid green hues.
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