mineral

Carnelian Agate

Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale. Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown (caused by iron oxide). Luster: Waxy to vitreous. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown (caused by iron oxide)
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified April 11, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a chemical precipitate in cavities (vesicles) of volcanic rocks or sedimentary environments. The color results from the presence of hematite or limonite. Many specimens found in riverbeds or beaches have been naturally polished by water erosion.

Uses & applications

Commonly used for semi-precious jewelry (beads, cabochons), lapidary art, seal stones, and metaphysical collecting.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was highly prized by Ancient Egyptians for amulets and by Romans for signet rings because it does not stick to hot wax.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucency (when held to light), waxy surface texture, and lack of visible crystals. It is frequently found as water-worn pebbles in gravel pits or along coastlines.