mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2 with Iron Oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orangish-red to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (Cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangish-red to brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified June 20, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orangish-red to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (Cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed via the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide impurities. Found in geological formations ranging from the Cretaceous to more recent eras.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), lapidary art, and historical seal stones. Also popular as a collector's pocket stone or for metaphysical purposes.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in the burial of pharaohs to assist the soul's transition to the afterlife. It was also commonly used for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent orange-red color, waxy luster, and lack of visible crystals. It is frequently found in riverbeds or beaches as water-worn pebbles. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the Pacific Northwest of the USA.

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