mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide, Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5-4 (Mohs); Color: Bright green to dark green; Luster: Silky to dull, vitreous when polished; Crystal structure: Monoclinic (often botryoidal or fibrous); Cleavage: Perfect in one direction; Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green to dark green
Luster: Silky to dull, vitreous when polished

Identified March 24, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. Often forms in limestone where carbonate-rich waters react with copper minerals. Age varies by deposit but found globally in Precambrian to recent formations.

Uses & applications

Used historically as a copper ore and a green pigment (mineral green). Today, it is primarily used for jewelry (cabochons), ornamental stone in interior design (tabletops, sculptures), and as a popular collector's mineral.

Geological facts

Malachite is famous for its 'eye' patterns and banding. In ancient Egypt, it was used for amulets and ground into eye shadow. The largest known single block of malachite was 13 meters long and weighed 20 tons, found in the Ural Mountains.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinct green color, banding, and fizzing reaction to cold hydrochloric acid. Common locations include the DRC (Congo), Russia, Australia, and the Southwest United States (Arizona).