mineral
Citrine Quartz
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Hardness: 7 (Mohs), Color: pale yellow to golden brown, Luster: Vitreous, Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal), Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture), SG: 2.65
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 (Mohs), Color: pale yellow to golden brown, Luster: Vitreous, Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal), Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture), SG: 2.65
Formation & geological history
Formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks (pegmatites and quartz veins) containing trace iron. Natural citrine is rare and requires specific thermal conditions; most commercial pieces are heat-treated amethyst.
Uses & applications
Heavily used in jewelry (faceting, cabochons), crystal healing, and as a popular collector specimen for its vibrant color.
Geological facts
Citrine is known as the 'Merchant's Stone' due to historical associations with wealth. Most commercially available citrine is actually heat-treated amethyst from Brazil or Uruguay.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its hardness (scratches glass) and lack of cleavage. In the field, look for quartz crystals in hydrothermal veins. Natural citrine usually has a uniform color, while heat-treated amethyst shows white bases.
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