mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 21, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities of volcanic rocks (basalt or rhyolite) at low temperatures. Its red-orange color comes from iron oxide impurities (hematite).

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons and beads, as well as for making decorative seals, cameos, and spiritual or healing stones.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried their dead with it to help the soul pass to the other side. Napoleon Bonaparte notably wore a carnelian seal found during the Egyptian campaign.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its warm orange hues and waxy luster; it lacks the banding seen in carnelian-agate. Commonly found in Madagascar, Brazil, India, and Uruguay. Field identification relies on hardness and its characteristic translucency when held to light.

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