Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale); Color: Colorless (in this specimen), can range through all colors; Luster: Adamantine; Crystal Structure: Isometric (cubic); Cleavage: Perfect in four directions (octahedral); Specific Gravity: 3.52

Formation & Geological History

Formed under extreme high pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth's mantle, approximately 100 miles below the surface, usually billions of years ago. Transported to the surface by kimberlite and lamproite pipes.

Uses & Applications

Predominantly used in jewelry as a gemstone and in industry for cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to its extreme hardness.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth. It is composed of a single element (carbon) arranged in an extremely strong tetrahedral structure. Many diamonds found today are 1 to 3 billion years old.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its brilliance, ability to scratch any other material, and high thermal conductivity. Commonly found in alluvial deposits or within kimberlite pipes in regions like South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia.

Identified on: 5/2/2026

Mode: Standard