mineral

Carnelian

Chalcedony (SiO2) with Iron Oxide inclusions

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 13, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature silica-rich environments, often in volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary geodes. The color is derived from iron oxide impurities (hematite).

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and in alternative healing practices (metaphysical crystals).

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Romans used it to make seal rings and signets because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent reddish-orange hue and waxy surface. Found globally with major deposits in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Look for it in river beds or areas with volcanic activity.

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Arenite (SiO2 based)

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Mineral/Rock

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

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Metamorphic Rock

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