mineral

Carnelian Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Red-orange to brownish-red with white banding, Luster: Waxy to vitreous, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6

Identified June 21, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in cavities and veins of volcanic rocks (basalts) where silica-rich groundwater deposits layers of chalcedony. The red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in lapidary work, jewelry making (cabochons and beads), and for decorative or metaphysical crystal collections.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in amulets. It was also commonly used for signet rings in ancient Rome as wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Look for a waxy luster and translucency with distinct white or pale banding. Usually found as nodules or water-worn pebbles in riverbeds or coastal areas. Common in locations like Brazil, India, and the Pacific Northwest, USA.