mineral

Carnelian

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide impurities

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Orange-red to brownish-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange-red to brownish-orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Orange-red to brownish-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed as a result of silica-rich fluids precipitating in the cavities of volcanic rocks, often through the oxidation of iron. Significant deposits date back millions of years in various volcanic terrains.

Uses & applications

Primarily used for lapidary work, jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, and historical use in signet rings and wax seals.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly favored in ancient Rome and Egypt for creating seals, as hot wax does not stick to it. It has been used for ornamentation since the 4th millennium BC.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange hue. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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