mineral

Carnelian Agate in Matrix

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, brown, translucent tan; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (as microcrystalline quartz); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange, brown, translucent tan
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified July 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish-orange color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Used primarily for lapidary work, jewelry (beads, cabochons), and as a collector specimen. It has been used for seals and amulets since ancient times.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia; it was believed to provide courage in battle and protection from the evil eye. The color can sometimes be enhanced or deepened by exposure to sunlight or heat.

Field identification & locations

Identified in the field by its waxy luster, translucency when held to light, and its resistance to scratching, often found in river beds or volcanic outcrops. Commonly found in Brazil, India, and the USA (Pacific Northwest).