mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Waxy reddish-brown, orange-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Waxy reddish-brown, orange-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Waxy reddish-brown, orange-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed as a cryptocrystalline variety of silica, usually in the cavities of igneous rocks (volcanic lavas) or as nodules in sedimentary rocks through groundwater precipitation.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), lapidary arts, decorative carvings, and as a popular collector's specimen.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized in ancient civilizations; the Ancient Egyptians used it in amulets and jewelry to symbolize the setting sun, and it was commonly used for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its waxy luster, translucency when held to light, and characteristic orange-to-reddish hue. Often found in riverbeds or gravel deposits in areas with volcanic history, such as Brazil, India, or the Pacific Northwest, USA.
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