mineral

Carnelian Agate

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide impurities

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Waxy reddish-brown to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline silica; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Waxy reddish-brown to orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 11, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic and sedimentary rocks as groundwater rich in silica precipitates in cavities. The distinctive orange-red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) inclusions.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for beads, cabochons, and intaglios. Also highly valued in spiritual and decorative lapidary arts.

Geological facts

Carnelian was used by ancient Egyptians for amulets and by Romans for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been a prized gemstone for over 4,500 years.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm color range. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.