mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Microcrystalline Quartz
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, amber, to whitish-orange banding; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Reddish-orange, amber, to whitish-orange banding
- Luster
- Waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, amber, to whitish-orange banding; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica-rich solutions filling cavities (gas vesicles) in volcanic basalt rocks or sedimentary formations over millions of years. Iron oxide impurities give it its distinct warm orange-red coloration.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry making, lapidary art, carvings, cabochons, and as a popular collectible specimen.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years. Ancient Romans and Greeks used carnelian signet rings to seal official documents, as hot wax did not stick to the smooth stone.
Field identification & locations
Identifiable by its conchoidal fracture, waxy luster, hardness (scratches glass), translucency, and warm reddish-orange to white color grading. Commonly found in Madagascar, Brazil, India, and the Pacific Northwest, USA.
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