mineral

Carnelian

Red Chalcedony (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Brownish-red to orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 19, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Forms at low temperatures in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in cavities. Often found as water-worn pebbles in riverbeds.

Uses & applications

Widely used for jewelry, lapidary arts, decorative carvings, and as a collector's specimen. Historically used for making signet rings and wax seals.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians used carnelian for protection in the afterlife, and it was one of the stones in the breastplate of Aaron. It derives its name from the Latin word 'carnis' meaning flesh.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent brownish-red hue, waxy luster, and lack of visible crystal grains. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.