mineral

Carnelian

Chalcedony (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale); Color: ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture.

Hardness: 6
Color: ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown
Luster: waxy to vitreous

Identified July 15, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica at low temperatures from groundwater in volcanic cavities or sedimentary layers. Its red color is derived from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry-making for cabochons and beads, ornamental carvings, seals, and as a popular specimen for crystal collecting.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to ward off evil and bestow courage on its wearer. It was prominently used in ancient Egypt for jewelry and in Rome for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucency when backlit (diaphaneity), waxy surface, and characteristic orange-red hue. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Egypt, and Uruguay.