mineral
Carnelian
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, red-brown, yellowish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal), microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange, red-brown, yellowish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, red-brown, yellowish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal), microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed through the cooling of silica-rich groundwater in cavities of volcanic rocks or sedimentary environments. The orange hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry for cabochons and beads, ornamental carvings, and historical use in signet rings and seals.
Geological facts
Carnelian was used by ancient Romans to make seal rings, as the wax does not stick to the stone. It has been used for decorative purposes for over 4,500 years, dating back to ancient Sumer and Egypt.
Field identification & locations
Look for a translucent, waxy appearance with uniform or banded orange-into-red color. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.
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Schist
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