mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Red-orange, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 18, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities in volcanic rocks. The orange color is caused by impurities of iron oxide (hematite). Found in rocks of various ages, primarily Cenozoic.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry making (beads, cabochons), lapidary arts, decorative carvings, and as a popular meditation stone in metaphysical circles.

Geological facts

Carnelian was used by ancient Romans to make seal rings for imprinting hot wax on documents, as the wax does not stick to the stone. Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun'.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange hue and waxy luster. Common locations include Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and parts of the United States (Washington and Oregon).