mineral

Carnelian

Silicon Dioxide with Hematite impurities (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs), Color: brownish-red to orange, Luster: vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: None, Fracture: Conchoidal, Transparency: Translucent to opaque.

Hardness: 6

Identified July 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formation occurs when silica-rich fluids deposit in cavities within volcanic lavas or sedimentary rocks. The reddish color is caused by the inclusion of iron oxide (hematite) during crystallization. Deposits can range from millions to hundreds of millions of years old.

Uses & applications

Widely used for gemstone carvings, beads, jewelry (cabochons), and as talismans. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because of its durability and ability to not stick to hot wax.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was believed to protect the wearer against anger and jealousy and was frequently found in the burial chambers of royalty, including King Tutankhamun.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent waxy luster and reddish hue. Unlike Jasper, which is opaque, light can pass through thin edges of Carnelian. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

Other mineral specimens

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Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)

Arenite (SiO2 based)

sedimentary

Sandstone with Mineral Veining or Crust

Sedimentary Sandstone (mostly SiO2 with Fe2O3 tinting)

sedimentary

Schist

Metamorphic

Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase)

Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8)

mineral

Gypsum (variety Selenite or Alabaster)

Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)

Mineral

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite

Mineral/Rock