mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO2)
Hardness: 7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.
- Hardness
- 7 Mohs
- Color
- brownish-red to orange
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica in groundwater within cavities of igneous rocks (volcanic lavas) or as a replacement mineral in sedimentary rocks. Its reddish hue comes from iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), lapidary art, carvings (seals, figurines), and as a collector’s gemstone.
Geological facts
Carnelian was used by ancient Egyptians for amulets and seals, as it was believed to provide courage and protection in the afterlife. It is the birthstone for the zodiac sign Virgo.
Field identification & locations
Field identification focuses on its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange-red color. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Tumbled specimens like this are frequent in rock shops.
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