mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale), Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent, Luster: Waxy to vitreous, Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal), no cleavage, conchoidal fracture
- Hardness
- 6
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale), Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent, Luster: Waxy to vitreous, Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal), no cleavage, conchoidal fracture
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities. Its orange color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in jewelry as cabochons or beads, in ornamental carvings, and historical seal stones.
Geological facts
In ancient times, carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was widely used in ancient Roman and Egyptian signet rings.
Field identification & locations
Look for a waxy luster and uniform or banded orange color. Common in riverbeds and beaches globally, notably in India, Brazil, and Germany.
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