mineral
Citrine (Heat-treated Amethyst)
Quartz (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale); Color: Pale yellow to deep amber; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal structure: Trigonal; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.65.
- Hardness
- 7 (Mohs scale)
- Color
- Pale yellow to deep amber
- Luster
- Vitreous (glassy)
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale); Color: Pale yellow to deep amber; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal structure: Trigonal; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.65.
Formation & geological history
Natural citrine is rare and forms in igneous rocks like pegmatites. Most commercial citrine, like this tumbled specimen, is produced by heat-treating purple amethyst or smoky quartz to change its oxidation state of iron, mimicking a geological process at accelerated speeds.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (faceting and cabochons), crystal healing, decorative tumbled stones, and as an affordable birthstone for November.
Geological facts
Natural citrine is 'dichroic', showing different colors from different angles, whereas heat-treated specimens usually don't. Most heat-treated citrine has a tell-tale reddish tint or white opaque bases.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its yellow-to-orange color and glassy clarity. Heat-treated versions (common) often have concentrated color at the tips. Found globally in Brazil, Madagascar, and Russia.
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