mineral
Citrine Quartz
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with trace Iron
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale), Color: Pale yellow to golden-orange, Luster: Vitreous/Glassy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal, Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.65
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale), Color: Pale yellow to golden-orange, Luster: Vitreous/Glassy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal, Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.65
Formation & geological history
Forms naturally in igneous rocks such as pegmatites or hydrothermal veins when silicon dioxide crystallizes under high heat. Much commercial citrine is actually heat-treated amethyst.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (faceting, cabochons) and as a healing crystal in metaphysical practices. Also highly collectible for display specimens.
Geological facts
Natural citrine is quite rare in nature. Most stones sold as citrine today are heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz, which changes from purple or brown to yellow-orange when baked.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its hardness (will scratch glass) and lack of cleavage. Found in riverbeds as water-worn pebbles or in crystal clusters in Brazil, Madagascar, and Russia.
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