mineral
Citrine
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with ferric iron impurities
Hardness: 7 on Mohs scale. Color: Pale yellow to deep amber. Luster: Vitreous (glassy). Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.65.
- Hardness
- 7 on Mohs scale
- Color
- Pale yellow to deep amber
- Luster
- Vitreous (glassy)
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 on Mohs scale. Color: Pale yellow to deep amber. Luster: Vitreous (glassy). Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.65.
Formation & geological history
Formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks, particularly in pegmatites and hydrothermally heated veins. Naturally occurring citrine is rare and often forms when amethyst or smoky quartz is naturally heated by nearby magma deep within the Earth.
Uses & applications
Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry (rings, necklaces, earrings). It is also highly valued by mineral collectors and used in decorative carvings or as healing crystals in holistic practices.
Geological facts
Natural citrine is very rare; most citrine on the market is actually heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. The color of natural citrine is usually a pale, even yellow, whereas heat-treated specimens often show white bases and concentrated dark orange tips.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its hardness (will scratch glass), lack of cleavage, and yellow-orange transparency. Important deposits are found in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Madagascar, Spain, and Russia.
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Mineral
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Mineral/Rock
Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)
Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)
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