mineral

Carnelian (Orange Chalcedony)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Blood orange, amber, or reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Cryptocrystalline; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Blood orange, amber, or reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified May 6, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed from the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks such as basalt or andesite, often colored by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in lapidary arts for beads, cabochons, and seals; also popular as a decorative pocket stone or in holistic metaphysical practices.

Geological facts

Ancient Romans and Egyptians used carnelian for signet rings and amulets because wax does not stick to the smooth surface of the polished stone.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and orange color range; often found in riverbeds or coastal areas where volcanic rocks have weathered away. Found worldwide, with major deposits in India and Brazil.