mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Silicate mineral, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (Microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 8, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (Microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. Its red color is caused by iron oxide impurities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, and seal stones. It is also a popular collectible for gemstone enthusiasts.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian 'the setting sun' or 'the sunset stone' and believed it had protective properties. It has been used for seals and signets since Roman times because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent appearance, lack of visible crystals (cryptocrystalline), and characteristic warm orange-red hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.