Rock Identifier
Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)) — mineral
mineral

Carnelian

Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness
6
Color
Translucent orange to reddish-brown
Luster
Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in the cavities of igneous or sedimentary rocks. Its reddish hue comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It is found in geological formations ranging from the Cretaceous period to more recent volcanic deposits.

Uses & applications

Widely used in jewelry making (beads, cabochons), lapidary art, and historical seal stones. Historically used for signet rings and amulets in ancient Egypt and Rome.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians referred to carnelian as 'the setting sun' and believed it had protective properties. It was one of the first gemstones used in bead-making in the Neolithic era and appears in the biblical Breastplate of Aaron.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive warm orange glow when held to the light (translucency) and its waxy surface. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. For collectors, look for uniform color and lack of internal fractures.

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