mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Silica, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal system: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified May 8, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal system: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed in cavities of volcanic rocks or sedimentary deposits through the precipitation of silica from groundwater. The red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Often found in basalt vugs and hydrothermal veins.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carving (intaglios and seals), and as a collector's specimen. Historically used for signet rings.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians wore carnelian on their bodies as a source of renewal and vitality. It was also used in Mesopotamia to create cylinder seals. The word carnelian is derived from the Latin word 'caro' meaning flesh.

Field identification & locations

Identified in the field by its orange-red translucent appearance, waxy luster, and conchoidal fracture. Found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the United States (Washington, Oregon).