metamorphic
Nephrite Jade
Nephrite (Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2)
Hardness: 6.0-6.5 (Mohs scale); Color: Spinach green, olive green, brown, or grey-green; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Monoclinic (fibrous structure); Cleavage: Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.90–3.03.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Spinach green, olive green, brown, or grey-green
- Luster
- Vitreous to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.0-6.5 (Mohs scale); Color: Spinach green, olive green, brown, or grey-green; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Monoclinic (fibrous structure); Cleavage: Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.90–3.03.
Formation & geological history
Formed through the regional metamorphism of magnesium-rich rocks (like serpentinite) or the chemical reaction between ultramafic rocks and silica-rich fluids. Deposits are found in geological contexts ranging from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic eras.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, high-end ornamental objects, and historically for tool-making (axes and blades) due to its exceptional toughness.
Geological facts
Nephrite is significantly tougher than diamond in terms of fracture resistance because of its interlocking felt-like fibrous structure. It has been used by diverse cultures for millennia, most notably in Ancient China and by the Māori people of New Zealand.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its waxy/greasy luster when wet, high density compared to common river stones, and extreme toughness (it is very difficult to break with a hammer). Commonly found in alluvial deposits (riverbeds) or as boulders in serpentinite belts in regions like British Columbia, Alaska, New Zealand, and Siberia.
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