mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony), SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red due to iron oxide impurities; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.59–2.61.

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red due to iron oxide impurities
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 21, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in cavities (geodes) of igneous rocks. The red coloring comes from traces of hematite (iron oxide).

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry, beads (misbaha/prayer beads as shown), cabochons, and intaglios. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried carnelian amulets with the dead to assist in the journey to the afterlife. It is one of the oldest gemstones used in bead making, dating back to the Neolithic period.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque reddish-orange color and lack of banding (unlike agate). Common locations include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Saudi Arabia. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.

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