mineral

Limonite with Galena

FeO(OH)·nH2O (Limonite) and PbS (Galena)

Limonite: Hardness 4-5.5, dull/earthy luster, yellow-brown to reddish-brown color, no cleavage. Galena: Hardness 2.5-2.7, metallic luster, lead-gray color, cubic crystal system with perfect cubic cleavage, high specific gravity (7.4-7.6).

Identified May 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Limonite forms as a secondary mineral from the oxidation of iron-rich minerals. Galena forms in hydrothermal veins or as replacements in limestone/dolostone. This specimen represents an oxidized zone (gossan) of an ore deposit.

Uses & applications

Galena is the primary ore for lead and often contains silver. Limonite was historically used as a brown pigment (umber) and as a low-grade iron ore. Primarily of interest to mineral collectors.

Geological facts

Limonite was one of the first pigments used by early humans in cave paintings. Galena is often associated with silver, and is the official state mineral of Missouri, Wisconsin, and Iowa in the USA.

Field identification & locations

Identify by the heavy weight of the metallic silver cubes (Galena) embedded within the rusty, earthy brown matrix (Limonite). Look for it in mining districts or near carbonate rock formations.

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