Mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Microcrystalline Quartz, SiO2 with Fe2O3 impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified February 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments where silica-rich fluids deposit in cavities of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The red coloring is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, rings), ornamental carvings, seals, and as a popular stone for chakra and holistic practitioners.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was used for cylinder seals in Mesopotamia and signet rings in Rome because hot wax does not stick to it. It was also believed by ancient Egyptians to assist souls in their journey to the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent, waxy appearance and orange-red hue. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. In the field, look for a smooth, hard surface that cannot be scratched by a steel knife.

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