mineral

Carnelian (Orange Agate)

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 18, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities of volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Its orange color is derived from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in sedimentary riverbeds as weathered pebbles.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry, lapidary arts, decorative beads, and as a popular collector's pocket stone or tumbled gemstone.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Romans used it for signet rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it. It was also highly valued by ancient Egyptians as a stone of vitality.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and warm sunset-orange tones. Found globally, with notable deposits in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the US (Pacific Northwest). Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.

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