mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2 with Iron Oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified February 18, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities of igneous rocks. The red color is caused by the presence of iron oxide (hematite) through oxidation over geological periods.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry (cabochons, beads, and rings) and for lapidary art such as seals and talismans. Occasionally used in ornamental carvings.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to protect the wearer and was buried with Egyptian pharaohs. It was also used for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and warm reddish-orange hue. In the field, look for nodules in sedimentary rocks or volcanic areas. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.

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