mineral

Carnelian Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown with white banding; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown with white banding
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified May 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms in volcanic and metamorphic rocks as silica-rich water fills cavities. The banding is created by sequential deposition of chalcedony. Many high-quality specimens date back to the Cretaceous period.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and as healing stones in metaphysical practices. Historically used for signet rings and seals.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in Ancient Egypt where it was believed to assist spirits in their journey to the afterlife. The red color is caused by the presence of iron oxide (hematite).

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy luster, conchoidal fracture, and distinct parallel banding. Commonly found in riverbeds or gravel pits in regions with ancient volcanic activity like Brazil, India, and the Lake Superior region.

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