mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs. Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microscopic). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs. Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microscopic). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed by the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Often found in geode or nodule formations.

Uses & applications

Extensively used in lapidary arts, jewelry (cabochons, beads), seals, amulets, and as a decorative collector's stone. Historically used for signet rings because it does not stick to hot wax.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian "the setting sun" and believed it possessed protective powers. It was one of the twelve stones in the Breastplate of Aaron and is significant in Islamic traditions where it is believed to bring good fortune.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent waxy appearance and orange-red hue. It is commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay. Collectors should look for even color saturation and a high degree of transparency without internal fissures.

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