mineral

Carnelian Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal microcrystalline); Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities (vugs) within volcanic rock (lava flows). The orange color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in rocks ranging from the Cenozoic to Precambrian eras.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and as a healing stone in holistic practices. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because of its hardness and resistance to hot wax sticking.

Geological facts

In antiquity, ancient Romans and Egyptians believed carnelian provided courage and protection to the wearer. It was one of the first gemstones used in bead-making in the Neolithic period.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and warm sunset-orange hue without distinct banding (though it can grade into banded Agate). Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors should look for saturated color and uniform translucency.