mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline. Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline. Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater within the cavities of volcanic rocks (lavas) or sedimentary environments. The red color is due to iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, and seals. Highly valued in lapidary arts and as a collector's gemstone.
Geological facts
Ancient Romans used carnelian for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been used for decorative purposes for over 4,500 years, with significant historical presence in Ancient Egypt and Sumer.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its distinct orange-red translucency and lack of visible crystals. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.
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