Mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 7, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in formations ranging from the Cretaceous to the modern era.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (beads, cabochons), engraved seals, cameos, and talismans. It is also a popular specimen for crystal healing collections and ornamental carvings.

Geological facts

In ancient times, Egyptians wore carnelian to give them courage and power, and it was one of the stones featured in the breastplate of Aaron. It was also used by the Romans to create signet rings for sealing wax as hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its characteristic waxy luster and warm orange/red translucency. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the western United States. Tumbled stones like this specimen are often found in riverbeds or gravel pits in volcanic regions.