mineral
Carnelian Agate
Sardonyx / Banded Chalcedony (SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange with white banding; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Reddish-orange with white banding
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange with white banding; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Forms in volcanic and metamorphic rocks when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities (vugs). The reddish-orange color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and as a semi-precious collector gemstone.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt, where it was thought to assist the soul in its journey to the afterlife; it is also one of the birthstones for the zodiac sign Virgo.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its distinct waxy luster, conchoidal fracture, and concentric banding. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.
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