mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian Chalcedony (SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Ranges from pale orange to intense brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Ranges from pale orange to intense brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary environments at relatively low temperatures. The red-orange hue is the result of iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, wax seals, and spiritual/metaphysical collections. Historically used for signet rings.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian 'the setting sun' and buried gems with their dead to aid in the journey to the afterlife. It was also used by Romans for wax seals because the wax doesn't stick to the stone.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red body and waxy luster. In the field, look for nodules with a smooth, weathered exterior in riverbeds or volcanic regions of Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.

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