mineral

Carnelian Agate

Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: brownish-red to orange
Luster: vitreous to waxy

Identified June 14, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks. The orange-red color is caused by impurities of iron oxide (hematite).

Uses & applications

Used primarily in lapidary arts, jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, and as a popular collector's stone. Historically used for signal rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians believed it had protective powers, and it was a common stone used in the jewelry of the Pharaohs.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent waxy luster and conchoidal fracture. Often found as rounded pebbles in stream beds or gravel deposits. Common in Brazil, India, and Uruguay.