mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Brownish-red to orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 17, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed as a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, often found in volcanic rocks (geodes) or as pebbles in riverbeds. It precipitates from silica-rich groundwater at low temperatures.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons, beads, and signet rings. Historically used for seals because wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

The name comes from the Latin word 'carnis' meaning flesh. It was highly prized by the ancient Egyptians as the 'setting sun' and was believed to protect the wearer in the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent waxy luster and brownish-red hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay. Look for rounded riverbed pebbles or occurrences in basalt cavities.