Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale), Color: Colorless (as shown), white, yellow, or brown, Luster: Adamantine, Crystal Structure: Isometric-hexoctahedral (cubic), Specific Gravity: 3.51-3.53

Formation & Geological History

Formed under extreme high pressure and temperature in the Earth's mantle, approximately 100 miles underground. Transported to the surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions called kimberlite or lamproite pipes. Geological ages vary from 1 billion to 3.5 billion years old.

Uses & Applications

Primarily used in high-end jewelry and engagement rings. Industrial uses include cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to extreme hardness, and specialized high-performance bearings or heat sinks in electronics.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest known natural substance on Earth. While synonymous with jewelry, only about 20% of diamonds mined are gem-quality; the rest are used in industry. Famous specimens include the Hope Diamond and the Cullinan Diamond.

Field Identification & Locations

Identification in the field is difficult without professional tools, but characteristics include extreme hardness (scratches all other minerals) and high thermal conductivity. Commonly found in kimberlite pipes or alluvial deposits in countries like Russia, Botswana, Canada, and South Africa.

Identified on: 4/20/2026

Mode: Standard