mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Ranges from pale orange to intense reddish-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Ranges from pale orange to intense reddish-orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 15, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide impurities (hematite). Specimens can date from various geological periods, often associated with ancient basalt formations.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry, for decorative carvings, cabochons, and beads. Historically used for making signet rings and seals due to its property of not sticking to hot wax.

Geological facts

In ancient Egypt, carnelian was known as 'the setting sun' and was believed to give the wearer courage in battle. It was frequently used in the burial ornaments of Pharaohs and was one of the stones in the breastplate of Aaron in the Bible.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent burnt-orange color and uniform texture without visible grains. It is commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors often find high-quality river-worn pebbles in these regions.