metamorphic
Anthracite
Anthracite Coal
Hardness: 2.5–3.0 on Mohs scale; Color: Jet black to silver-black; Luster: Submetallic to metallic; Crystal structure: Amorphous (non-crystalline); Cleavage: Conchoidal fracture; Specific gravity: 1.3–1.8
- Hardness
- 2
- Color
- Jet black to silver-black
- Luster
- Submetallic to metallic
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Physical properties
Hardness: 2.5–3.0 on Mohs scale; Color: Jet black to silver-black; Luster: Submetallic to metallic; Crystal structure: Amorphous (non-crystalline); Cleavage: Conchoidal fracture; Specific gravity: 1.3–1.8
Formation & geological history
Formed through the regional metamorphism of bituminous coal. It involves the application of intense heat and pressure over millions of years, typically in folder mountain belts. Most deposits are Carboniferous in age (300-360 million years old).
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a high-grade fuel for domestic heating and industrial processes (smelting). It is also used in water filtration systems and occasionally carved as jewelry (jet-like ornaments).
Geological facts
Anthracite is the highest rank of coal, containing the highest percentage of fixed carbon (86% to 98%) and the lowest amount of volatiles. It burns with a short, blue, smokeless flame.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its shiny, almost metallic luster, high hardness compared to other coals, and its tendency to not soil fingers when handled. Commonly found in Pennsylvania (USA), Wales, and China.
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